Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings

Definition of Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space is matter. Examples include solids (chair, almonds), liquids (lemon water/cold drink), gases (air), and even smell (perfume vapors)

Question 1: Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold drink, perfume smell.
Solution: Chair, air, almonds, cold drink, and perfume smell are matter.

Question 2: Why does hot food’s smell reach farther compared to cold food?
Because heat increases kinetic energy and diffusion rate of particles, allowing the smell to travel further

Question 3: A diver cuts through water—what property does this show?
Shows that water molecules have spaces between them and relatively weak intermolecular forces

Characteristics of Particles:

• There are spaces between particles

• Particles are in constant motion

• Particles attract each other

  States of Matter & Transitions

  • States: Solid, liquid, and gas, each with distinct shape and volume properties.

  • Interconversion Processes:

    • Solid → Liquid: Melting

    • Liquid → Gas: Evaporation

    • Gas → Liquid: Condensation

    • Liquid → Solid: Freezing

    • Solid → Gas: Sublimation

    • Gas → Solid: Deposition